监狱工作_体罚问题
n5321 | 2024年9月5日 16:57
，对人的身体造成身体，作为对或违法行为的。体罚包括鞭打、殴打、烙印、残害、致盲以及使用棍棒和。从广义上讲，该术语还指在学校和家庭中对儿童的。
Judicial corporal punishment is the infliction of as a result of a sentence imposed on an offender by a , including , forced , , , , or . Legal corporal punishment is forbidden in most countries, but it still is a form of legal punishment practiced according to the legislations of ,[ ,[ ,[ the ,[ ,[ ,[ ,[ the ,[[ ,[ and ,[ as well as parts of ( province)[ and (northern states).[ 司法体罚是对罪犯判处的，包括 、强制、、、或。大多数国家都禁止合法体罚，但根据、 [、 [、 [、 [、 [的立法，体罚仍然是一种合法惩罚形式。、 [、 [、 [ [、 [和、 [以及部分地区（省） [和（北部）州）。 [
早期巴比伦发展了lex原则主张，犯罪分子应该受到他们对受害者造成的伤害作为惩罚。许多后来的社会在对待罪犯时毫不夸张地运用了这种“”的原则。从古代到 18 世纪，体罚通常用于不判处、流放或流放的情况。但期间及之后人道主义理想的增长导致体罚逐渐被放弃，到20世纪后期，体罚几乎完全被或其他非暴力刑罚所取代。
世界上大多数发达国家的法律体系中不再存在体罚。例如，最后一次是 1952 年在特拉华州实施的（该做法于 1972 年废除）。英国在对某些犯罪行为规定以鞭打作为惩罚方面是一个罕见的例外，但这种刑罚的实施受到 1948 年《刑事法》的严格限制，并于 1967 年被废除。鞭打甚至仍然是英国规定的惩罚。然而，一些严格遵守中东国家。在许多国家的系统中，无论是合法的还是秘密的，殴打和其他体罚形式的纪律处分仍然存在。多项国际公约都明确禁止体罚，包括和《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》。
历史上使用体罚的一个重要理由是，它所造成的痛苦、伤害、羞辱和将阻止犯罪者在未来犯下类似的罪行。还有人认为，例如，截掉扒手的右手会削弱他将来犯下类似罪行的身体能力，或者在他的额头上烙上一个泄露痕迹的标记会提醒他在人群中的潜在受害者采取特别行动。当他们在他附近时采取预防措施。然而，关于体罚是一种特别有效的威慑手段的说法已被反驳，这表明，受到体罚的罪犯实际上比受到监禁处罚的罪犯犯下进一步罪行的可能性稍大一些。尽管有人呼吁恢复体罚，以应对二战后美国和其他国家不断上升的犯罪率，但体罚仍然被视为的不人道和野蛮遗迹。过去时代的制度。
1961 年通过并于 1996 年修订的》，大多数欧洲国家已部分或完全禁止在学校和家庭对儿童进行体罚，该宪章保护儿童免受身体虐待。是一个由几乎所有欧洲国家组成的组织，旨在促进非洲大陆的人权和，该组织一直在寻求废除这种做法。一些非欧洲国家也禁止父母或看护者体罚儿童。联合国于 1989 年通过的禁止父母或其他照顾者对儿童进行身体虐待。除美国和索马里外，该已获得所有联合国成员国的批准。到21世纪初，已有100多个国家也禁止在学校体罚儿童。另见。
香港囚犯需要在狱中工作。根据《监狱规则》，每名囚犯每星期工作六天，工作不超过10小时，并会获得工资。
工资分为六个级别，每周工资由约$44至$192元不等。
根据香港政府提供的资料，惩教处有多个工场，涵盖制衣、针织、皮革制品、标志制品、金属制品、预制混凝土制品、洗熨服务、木工、玻璃纤维制品、书籍订装、印刷及信封制造等行业。
这些产品及服务主要供应本港各政府部门和受政府资助的机构。
有传媒预计，曾荫权很有可能获分别处理信封的工作。
Canada - Judicial and prison whipping 加拿大 - 司法和监狱鞭打Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries, 1953-55 参议院和下议院关于死刑、体罚和彩票的联合委员会，1953-55 年
Minutes of Evidence (extracts) 证据纪要（摘录）23 March 1954 Witness: Mr R.M. Allan, Warden, Kingston Penitentiary 1954 年 3 月 23 日 证人：金斯顿监狱典狱长 RM Allan 先生"The infliction of corporal punishment is very definitely a deterrent to certain types of criminals, particularly between the age group of 16 and 24. The strap, however, from our experience, is more effective than the lash and has not the psychological effect upon the individual after its application. “体罚对某些类型的罪犯确实具有威慑作用，尤其是 16 岁至 24 岁之间的罪犯。然而，根据我们的经验，体罚比鞭打更有效，而且不会对罪犯产生心理影响。申请后的个人。"We have never known of any instances where any persons who had received corporal punishment developed an embittered attitude towards life in general. On occasion we have known inmates who have requested an increase in the amount of strokes provided they could obtain a reduction in the [prison] sentence to be served. On one other occasion I can recall an inmate of 24 who commented after infliction of corporal punishment that if he had received this type of punishment in earlier life he would have stayed out of jail. “我们从未听说过任何接受过体罚的人对生活产生怨恨态度的例子。有时，我们知道有些囚犯要求增加殴打次数，前提是他们可以减少[我记得还有一次，一位 24 岁的囚犯在受到体罚后评论说，如果他早年受到过这种惩罚，他就不会入狱。"The procedure followed when any person is received into the penitentiary and who has received along with his sentence the application of corporal punishment is that first a check is made with the Registrar of the Supreme Court of Ontario to determine whether an application has been filed for leave to appeal. This request is usually delayed until the 30-day period has elapsed. When a clearance is received, the inmate is paraded before the penitentiary physician on the morning of the day the application is to be administered, and if certified fit, the punishment is carried out during the holding of the warden's noon-day court. “当任何人被送入监狱并在判决的同时收到体罚申请时，遵循的程序是，首先与安大略省最高法院书记官长进行核查，以确定是否已提出体罚申请。上诉许可通常会被推迟到 30 天期限过后。收到许可后，囚犯会在提出申请的当天早上被带到监狱医生面前，如果证明身体状况良好，惩罚是在典狱长中午开庭时进行的。"If any doubt exists that a mental condition might be present, the inmate is referred to our psychiatrist before the infliction of corporal punishment is carried out. Should the psychiatrist certify that corporal punishment should not be carried out, authority is requested from the Remission Service for either cancellation or postponement. “如果怀疑犯人可能存在精神问题，在实施体罚之前，该犯人会被转介给我们的精神科医生。如果精神科医生证明不应实施体罚，则需向减刑服务处请求授权取消或推迟。"I consider it very necessary that the authority for inflicting corporal punishment for serious prison offences should be continued. It is definitely a deterrent .... “我认为非常有必要继续保留对监狱严重犯罪行为实施体罚的权力。这绝对是一种威慑......"Before the infliction of any corporal punishment for prison offences the inmate is always paraded to the psychiatrist's office for a mental examination. “在对监狱罪行实施任何体罚之前，囚犯总是被带到精神病医生办公室接受精神检查。(Displays photographs) "This is what we call our "strapping table". It is often referred to as the "paddling table" in other institutions." （展示照片） “这就是我们所说的‘捆扎桌’。在其他机构中，它通常被称为‘划桨桌’。”*Q. Could you describe the table in more detail? It is a table which looks to me to have a leather cushion on top. 问：您能更详细地描述一下该表吗？在我看来，这张桌子的顶部有一个皮革垫子。*A. "Leather pads on top." A.“顶部有皮革垫。”*Q. It has a strap at one end with buckles, I presume, with which to tie the feet of the individual. 问：我猜它的一端有一根带有带扣的带子，可以用来绑住人的脚。*A. "On the lower part of it there are shackles each with two openings in which we put the feet of the inmates. The shackles are bolted on; the strap above is put over the small of the back, the strap at one end on top." 答：“在它的下部有两个脚镣，每个脚镣上有两个开口，我们可以将犯人的脚放在里面。脚镣是用螺栓固定的；上面的带子放在腰上，带子的一端放在顶部。”*Q. You have shackles down on the floor at the end of the table? 问：桌子末端的地板上有脚镣吗？*A. "Yes, that is where the feet go." 答：“是的，那是脚的去向。”*Q. And he bends over and rests his body on the cushion-top table? 问：然后他弯下腰，把身体放在有垫子的桌子上？*A. "Yes, he bends over, the strap over the small of the back ... is tightened according to the height of the man. At the other end we have straps which we can fasten. You can see one of them hanging there. Those are the straps with which we fasten the man's hands. 答：“是的，他弯下腰，背上的带子……根据人的身高拉紧。在另一端，我们有可以系紧的带子。你可以看到其中一根挂在那里。”这些是我们用来固定男人双手的带子。"There is an adjustment bar underneath, on both sides, by which we can either raise or lower the table according to the height of the man in order to inflict the lash. We bare his back across his shoulders. With the strap we lower his pants and he is strapped on the buttocks, and we take precaution to see that the strap actually hits his buttocks." “下方两侧都有一个调节杆，我们可以根据该人的身高升高或降低桌子，以施加鞭打。我们将他的背部暴露在他的肩膀上。用带子我们降低他的高度。”他穿着裤子，他的臀部被绑着，我们采取预防措施，确保绑带确实击中了他的臀部。”*Q. Are any permanent marks left? 问：是否留下永久痕迹？*A. "No. The strap bruises, but it is much the same as when a person receives a blow on the skin, it becomes discolored." 答：“不会。带子会擦伤，但这就像人的皮肤受到打击时会变色一样。”*Q. Was there never any inmate who was embittered against society because he had been lashed or whipped? 问：是否从来没有任何囚犯因为受到鞭打或鞭打而对社会怀有怨恨？*A. "No. At the present time there are perhaps 75 to 100 inmates in Kingston who have been strapped, and I may say they are hardened criminals. But I have talked to these boys probably two or three days after they have been strapped or lashed and there has been no mention whatsoever made of their bearing any grudge." 答：“不。目前金斯顿大约有 75 到 100 名囚犯被绑起来，我可以说他们是顽固的罪犯。但我可能在这些男孩被绑起来两三天后或遭到鞭打，却没有提及他们怀有任何怨恨。”*Q. Once you have used the strap for the purpose of discipline, do you have to use it again on the same individual? 问：一旦您出于纪律目的使用了该带子，是否必须在同一个人身上再次使用该带子？*A. "On very rare occasions, particularly with young boys, one application is enough. But with the hardened type we may have to inflict it probably three or four times." 答：“在极少数情况下，特别是对于小男孩，一次应用就足够了。但对于硬化型，我们可能必须施加三到四次。”*Q. Have you found that a strap with holes in it raises blisters? 问：您是否发现带孔的表带会起水泡？*A. "No." 答：“不。”*Q. Which do you think is more severe, the strap or the lash? 问：您认为带子和鞭子哪个更严厉？*A. "The strap is definitely more severe." A.“带子肯定更严厉。”*Q. I think the average man would believe the lash is more severe. 问：我认为一般人会认为鞭子更严重。*A. "From the psychological viewpoint the lash is more severe." A.“从心理学的角度来看，鞭打更严重。”*Q. What is the maximum punishment you are allowed to give? 问：您可以给予的最高处罚是多少？*A. "We usually obtain authority or recommend authority from the commissioner to inflict the number of ten. That is pretty well the maximum established now, with the proviso that we inflict five, and five are withheld for a year, depending on future behavior." 答：“我们通常会从专员那里获得授权或建议授权，以施加十次。这已经是目前确定的最大数量，但条件是我们施加五次，其中五个将被扣留一年，具体取决于未来的行为。 ”*Q. Are strapping and paddling one and the same thing? 问：捆扎和划桨是一回事吗？*A. "Strapping and paddling are the same thing but we prefer to call it paddling. Lashing is applied across the shoulders with the cat of nine tails. The strap is applied across the bare buttocks ... In the present prison administration we use only the strap." 答：“捆扎和划桨是同一件事，但我们更喜欢称之为划桨。用九尾猫的方式将绳子绑在肩膀上。带子绑在裸露的臀部上......在目前的监狱管理中，我们只使用带子。”*Q. Why are there holes in the strap? 问：为什么表带上有孔？*A. "We found that a strap with no holes has a tendency to turn. By turning it might cut." 答：“我们发现没有孔的带子容易转动。转动时可能会割伤。”*Q. Have you known any occasion when a doctor has had to stop a strapping? 问：您是否知道医生不得不停止捆扎的情况？*A. "I can recall one or two occasions." 答：“我记得一两次。”*Q. Why? 问：为什么？*A. "It may have an effect on the man's heart or an inmate receiving it may collapse." 答：“它可能会对人的心脏产生影响，或者接受它的囚犯可能会崩溃。”*Q. Then it is still a pretty brutal instrument? 问：那么它仍然是一个相当残酷的工具？*A. "It may be caused by the shock." A：“可能是震动造成的。”*Q. Does the prisoner know the person who is administering the strap? 问：囚犯认识管理绑带的人吗？*A. "No, he is blindfolded." A.“不，他被蒙住了眼睛。”*Q. At what stage are they blindfolded? 问：他们在什么阶段被蒙住眼睛？*A. "After they are placed on the table." A.“当它们被放在桌子上之后。”*Q. You have mentioned the age group of 16 to 24 as being the group in which you consider corporal punishment to be most beneficial. What numbers would fall within that age group? 问：您提到 16 至 24 岁的年龄段是您认为体罚最有益的年龄段。哪些数字属于该年龄段？*A. "The majority would be the more restless type of boy, between 18 and 21. You have a decreasing percentage from then on ...." 答：“大多数是比较不安分的男孩，年龄在 18 岁到 21 岁之间。从那时起，比例逐渐下降......”*Q. Can you describe the procedure in the warden's court? 问：您能描述一下监狱长法庭的程序吗？*A. "We obtain the evidence under oath. The charge is read and the inmate given every opportunity to question the officer. The inmate can make any statement and the evidence is submitted to the Commissioner of Prisons for approval ... If the Commissioner approves of the warden's recommendation, then ... the inmate is sent over to the hospital to be examined and to the psychiatrist also. If the Medical Officer and the psychiatrist report that the prisoner is fit, then we proceed to the carrying out of the sentence." 答：“我们在宣誓后获得证据。指控被宣读，囚犯有机会向警官提问。囚犯可以做出任何陈述，证据将提交给监狱专员批准......如果专员批准根据典狱长的建议，然后...囚犯被送往医院接受检查，并接受精神科医生的检查。如果医务官和精神科医生报告囚犯身体健康，那么我们将继续执行判决。 ”。*Q. Will you tell us exactly what happens when a prisoner, either as part of his sentence or as part of prison disciplinary action, is actually brought into the room where the strapping is to take place? Do they frequently resist and do your guards have to resort to force to have them fixed to the table? 问：您能否确切地告诉我们，当一名囚犯（无论是作为其刑期的一部分还是作为监狱纪律处分的一部分）实际上被带入要进行捆扎的房间时会发生什么？他们是否经常反抗，你的警卫是否必须诉诸武力才能将他们固定在桌子上？*A. "Very rare. Not more than perhaps two or three percent." 答：“非常罕见。不超过百分之二或百分之三。”*Q. What sort of cases? 问：什么类型的案件？*A. "Particularly with respect to outside sentences they are usually brought in and the committal is read out to them, also the offence, the direction of the Court and they are then taken out of one room and right into a hall and the punishment is imposed there." 答：“特别是在外面的判决方面，他们通常会被带进来，并向他们宣读拘留，还有罪行，法院的指示，然后他们被带出一个房间，直接进入一个大厅，并受到惩罚强加在那里。”*Q. In two or three percent of cases it may be necessary to drag the man to the table? 问：在百分之二或百分之三的情况下，可能需要将人拖到桌子上？*A. "I have never known any inmate who has been sentenced by an outside court to require to be put on the table by force, but we have known cases where men have been sentenced for serious prison offences where we have had to use force to put them on the table." 答：“我从来没有听说过任何被外部法庭判刑的囚犯要求以武力将其送上法庭，但我们知道有一些男子因严重监狱罪行而被判刑，我们不得不使用武力将其送上法庭。”把它们放在桌子上。”*Q. Could you say something about the force of the blows? 问：你能谈谈打击的力量吗？*A. "We have about ten officers who we detail or can detail for the infliction of corporal punishment, simply because they are consistent. We do not allow any viciousness to be attached to it. It is a very unpleasant duty to start with, and we usually detail one of our senior officers to carry out the punishment. There is bound to be a variation in the intensity of the strokes. That is bound to happen; we cannot help it." 答：“我们有大约十名警官，我们详细说明或可以详细说明施加体罚的情况，仅仅是因为他们是一致的。我们不允许任何恶毒与之相关。从一开始，这是一项非常不愉快的职责，并且我们通常会指定一名高级官员来执行惩罚，这肯定会发生，这是我们无法控制的。”*Q. It is clear that the object is to inflict pain? 问：很明显，目标是造成痛苦？*A. "Yes." 答：“是的。”*Q. Would you just raise the arm and strike down or do you swing? 问：你会举起手臂然后向下击打还是挥杆？*A. "With the lash you have to raise your arm and strike down. With the strap it is a sideward motion." 答：“使用鞭子时，你必须抬起手臂并向下击打。使用带子时，这是一个侧向动作。”*Q. Do you have any regulations or instructions to your own officers as to how far back they shall carry their arm before they start the forward motion? 问：您是否对自己的官员有任何规定或指示，规定他们在开始向前动作之前应将手臂向后移多远？*A. "No. In the first place you have to have sufficient momentum on the strap that is going to strike in a flat position." 答：“不。首先，带子上必须有足够的动量，才能以平坦的位置撞击。”*Q. The fact remains that it could vary from prisoner to prisoner? 问：事实上，每个囚犯的情况可能有所不同？*A. "Oh yes, it can vary." 答：“哦，是的，可能会有所不同。”*Q. I see by the Act that unless some other punishment is specified that when a person is ordered to be whipped it is the cat-o'-nine-tails used and not the strap? 问：我认为，根据该法案，除非指定其他惩罚措施，否则当一个人被命令鞭打时，所使用的是九尾猫而不是皮带？*A. "Outside courts may specify either instrument, but they do not always specify the type of instrument." 答：“外部法院可以指定任一文书，但他们并不总是指定文书的类型。”*Q. If they do not specify it, it is the whip? 问：如果他们没有具体说明，那就是鞭子？*A. "The strap is used." A.“表带已使用。”*Q. You said that you thought the strap should be applied early during the sentence? 问：你说你认为应该在刑期早期使用绑带？*A. "We have known cases a number of years ago where sentences specified that an inmate would receive ten strokes a period of three months after his arrival, and ten strokes thirty days before his discharge. That fortunately has been changed ... We would prefer to give the man his corporal punishment as soon as we can ... He gets that over with. It relieves his mind of the situation right away and then he ... has not got this dread hanging over him for two or three years afterwards as the case may be." 答：“我们在多年前就知道一些案例，其中的判决规定，一名囚犯在入狱后三个月内将受到十次鞭打，并在出院前三十天内受到十次鞭打。幸运的是，这一点已经改变了......我们会我宁愿尽快对那个人进行体罚……他立刻就摆脱了这种情况，然后他……已经有两三年没有这种恐惧笼罩在他身上了。之后视具体情况而定。”*Q. You stated that the strap is now used exclusively at Kingston penitentiary? 问：您说过这条带子现在专门在金斯顿监狱使用吗？*A. "It always has been." 答：“一直都是。”*Q. Why? 问：为什么？*A. "Because it is a more effective instrument in bringing about and controlling discipline." 答：“因为它是产生和控制纪律的更有效工具。”*Q. Would you recommend therefore that there be a change in the Code in which it specifies that the strap is used rather than this other instrument? 问：因此，您是否建议对规范进行修改，其中指定使用带子而不是其他仪器？*A. "I would, yes." 答：“我愿意，是的。”*Q. Who ordinarily attends the carrying out of sentence and why are they there? 问：通常有哪些人参加执行判决？他们为何参加？*A. "The warden is the sole head of the institution and either he or the acting warden, by regulation, must be there. The deputy warden is the senior disciplinary official of the institution. The chief keeper must attend, the doctor is there for medical reasons. The other officers are there more or less to control the situation should the inmate become unruly. We have usually four or five. Occasionally you get a very strong individual on that table and he can lift the table itself during the infliction of the punishment and we have to put perhaps two officers on the ledge which you see there to keep the table solid on the floor." 答：“监狱长是该机构的唯一负责人，按照规定，他或代理监狱长必须在场。副监狱长是该机构的高级纪律官员。主要看守必须出席，医生在场。”如果犯人变得不守规矩，其他警官或多或少会控制局势。有时，桌子上会有一个非常强壮的人，他可以在犯人受到伤害时自行抬起桌子。惩罚，我们可能必须把两名警察放在你看到的壁架上，以将桌子固定在地板上。”*Q. Warden Allan might describe the two instruments for the purpose of the record. 问：出于记录目的，典狱长艾伦可能会描述这两种仪器。*
